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节日文化教学系列 | 清明将至,一起来做风筝吧!(内含教程及资源)

The following article is from 孔子学院 Confucius Institute Author 孔子学院

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清明节是中国的传统节日,一般在四月五日前后。清明时节,大地回春,万物生机勃发。除了祭祖、扫墓之外,人们还会踏青郊游、放风筝,以亲近自然、迎接春天。清明将至,让我们一起开展一堂风筝文化体验课吧!


The Qingming Festival is a traditional Chinese festival, which usually occurs around April 5. In early April, the earth rejuvenates and every creature lives life with renewed vigor. In addition to ancestor worship and tomb sweeping, the Chinese often go on outings and fly kites to enjoy nature in spring. On this occasion, let’s explore kite culture together!



一、风筝知识讲解

  The ABCs of Kites 



风筝与中国当代生活

Kites and Contemporary Chinese Life


在当代中国,放风筝是一项备受人们喜爱的体育娱乐活动。风筝价格亲民,从几元到几十元不等,对场地要求不高,任何风力稳定、开阔平坦的户外场所都是放风筝的好去处。


In contemporary China, kite-flying is a highly popular sport and form of entertainment. Kites are moderately priced, from a few yuan to several dozen, while kite-flying can be enjoyed in many locales. Any open and flat outdoor place with stable wind makes an ideal venue.


在现代,人们常用的风筝一般以碳素杆为骨架,以尼龙布等材料为面料,经过喷绘、裁剪、缝纫、装配等工序,由工厂生产制作而成。特点是制作简单、耐用好飞。最常见的是三角风筝,现在也涌现出了夜光风筝等特色风筝。


In modern times, with nylon cloth and other fabrics mounted on carbon-rod skeletons, common kites are generally factory-made through such processes as spray painting, cutting, sewing, and assembling. They are easy to make, durable, and airworthy. The most common ones are the triangular type, but luminous kites and other specialty kites are seen more and more these days.


风筝溯源

The Origin of Kites

相传,最早的风筝“木鸢”由春秋时期墨子、鲁班发明,最初用于通信、观测、越险等军事用途。汉代造纸术发明后,出现了纸鸢,用途逐渐转为民间娱乐。五代时在纸鸢上系竹哨,放飞时声如筝鸣,便有了“风筝”一说。


According to legend, the earliest kite “Muyuan” was invented by Mozi and Luban in the Spring and Autumn Period (B.C.770-B.C.476), originally intended for military purposes, such as communication, reconnaissance, and flight over dangerous spots. After the invention of papermaking techniques in the Han Dynasty (B.C.202-A.D.220), paper kites appeared, and gradually became a form of folk entertainment. In the Five Dynasties Period (907-960), a bamboo whistle was attached to the gadget before flying, which made a sound when flying that resembled the one made by a traditional Chinese string instrument, the zheng. As a result, kites were named “fengzheng” (lit. zheng played by the wind).


传统工艺风筝

Traditional Handmade Kites 

中国传统工艺风筝一般以竹条为骨架,以纸、绢、绸等为面料,经过扎制、裱糊、彩绘等工序,由手工艺人制作而成;其画面内容有人物故事、鸟兽、鱼虫等,观赏性很强。


Chinese traditional kites are generally made of paper, silk and other fabrics mounted on a skeleton of bamboo strips by craftsmen through the processes of tying, pasting, and painting. The painting often depicts legendary figures, birds, beasts, fish and insects, etc. and is highly ornamental.

北京沙燕风筝

Beijing Swallow Kite


千百年来,由于地域文化、制作工艺、放飞技艺的不同,形成了北京、天津、潍坊、南通、拉萨等多种流派的风筝;种类上,又分为硬翅、软翅、立体、串式等等。


Over thousands of years, the differences in regional culture, production technology, and flying skills, have nurtured a rich variety of kites. In terms of style, there are Beijing, Tianjin, Weifang, Nantong and Lhasa kites, and the types includes fixed-wing, soft-wing, three dimensional, and centipede-like.

南通板鹞风筝

  Nantong Whistle Kite


风筝之都——山东潍坊

The Capital of Kites—Weifang, Shandong


潍坊风筝

Weifang Kite


潍坊市位于山东半岛中部,北濒渤海湾,南临黄海,春天风多雨少,风向单一,瞬时波动小。正是这样特殊的地理环境造就了潍坊风筝的繁荣。


Weifang City is located in the middle of the Shandong Peninsula, adjoining the Bohai Bay in the north and the Yellow Sea in the south. It has windy springs with little rain, and the wind direction is constant without much fluctuation. The unique geographical environment has contributed to its prosperous kite industry.


潍坊风筝兴于明初,开始时仅用于自娱自乐或馈赠亲友,后逐渐发展为商品。至乾隆年间,风筝已成为当地重要的手工业。随着时代的变迁,其风筝扎制工艺和放飞技巧愈发精湛高超,被世人称道,因此被称为“风筝之都”。


Weifang kites became fashionable in the early Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). At first, they were intended for self-entertainment or as gifts for relatives and friends only, then they gradually became commodities. By the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796) in the Qing Dynasty (1636-1912), kite production had become an important local handicraft industry. With the changes of the times, the kite-making craftsmanship and kite-flying skills of Weifang have become legendary, earning the city widespread acclaim and the honorable title “the capital of kites.”


1984年,第一届潍坊国际风筝会在潍坊市举办,来自美国、英国、德国等11个国家和地区的18个风筝团体参加。此后每年4月举办,已连续举办38届。


In 1984, the First Weifang International Kite Festival was held in Weifang City, and attended by 18 kite groups from 11 countries and regions, including the United States, Britain, and Germany. Since then, the fair has been held in April, for 38 consecutive years.

第一届潍坊国际风筝会

A Corner of 

the First Weifang International Kite Festival


近几十年来,在继承传统技艺的基础上,潍坊风筝创新利用电子、机械、遥控等新技术,使风筝在形、色、动、响等方面有了极大的创新。


In recent decades, Weifang has made considerable innovations in the shape, color, movement and sound of kites by combining traditional techniques with creative uses of electronics, machinery, remote controls, and other new technologies.








各式风筝应有尽有

A Rich Array of Kites


二、风筝制作体验

 Kite-making Exploration 



了解完风筝的基础知识,是不是还有一些意犹未尽呢?没关系,小编还为大家准备了一堂“风筝制作体验实践课”(后附不同难度的风筝涂色活动纸),现在让我们一起动手做风筝吧!


Itching to have a try after learning all the basics of kites? In the following material, there is a “kite-making class” (with coloring paper of kite designs of varying degrees of difficulty attached). Let’s make a kite together!

风筝制作视频

kite-making


材料准备

Required Materials

  • 涂色纸、彩笔、剪刀、胶水/贴纸、丝线、竹签/吸管


  • monochrome paper, crayons, scissors, glue/tape, thread, bamboo sticks/straw



1



打印喜爱的涂色风筝、彩色风筝,或自行创作图案

Print your favorite monochrome or colored kite, or create one with a favorite pattern



2



按照自己喜爱的方式涂上颜色

Color the kite in the way you like



3



裁剪形状

Cut out the shape



4



用竹签或者吸管做骨架

Make a skeleton with bamboo sticks or straws



5



穿线、做线轮

Thread and make the thread reel




大功告成!快来一起试试吧!

Done! The kite is complete!

Give it a try!


风筝涂色活动纸

Kite Coloring Paper


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下载地址  

 Available at  

http://ci.cn/#/detailNoMenuBanner/ActivityDetail?id=2484


参考文献:


1. 秦文贞. 论潍坊风筝文化的传承和发展[J]. 潍坊学院学报, 2011, 11(2):130-133.

2. 杨阳. 潍坊国际风筝会对城市品牌打造的探索[D]. 山东师范大学, 2012.

3. 国际风筝联合会. 第一届潍坊国际风筝会[EB/OL]. [2022-03-15]. http://cnikf.fywt.com/ShowNews.aspx?Wzid=253.

4. 中国文明网. 风筝的艺术流派[EB/OL]. [2022-03-17]. http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2008-03/31/content_12839224.htm.

5. 中国非物质文化遗产网. 风筝制作技艺(潍坊风筝)[EB/OL]. [2022-03-17]. https://www.ihchina.cn/Article/Index/detail?id=14434.


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内容编辑:吴晓静 刘希 姚媛媛  

美术编辑:何纯洁(实习)


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