子女随迁与流动人口的工资收入

《财经研究》 2022年48卷第9期 页码：79 - 93  online：2022年9月3日

子女随迁与流动人口的工资收入

Migrant Children and Wage Income of Their Parents

作者（中）：邢春冰1 , 张晓敏2

作者（英）：Xing Chunbing1, Zhang Xiaomin2

作者单位：1. 中国人民大学 农业与农村发展学院，北京100872; 2. 北京师范大学 经济与工商管理学院，北京 100875

摘要：在我国大量的城乡移民中，有越来越多的流动人口带子女共同迁移。考察子女随迁与流动人口工资水平之间的关系及其背后的机制，对于理解劳动力流动以及流动人口市民化都有重要意义。子女随迁将提高流动人口的生活成本以及对流入地公共服务的需求，在一个空间均衡中，流动人口面临子女随迁和收入水平间的权衡取舍。文章使用2011—2017年流动人口动态监测调查数据，利用工具变量方法研究发现，子女随迁会使流动人口小时工资下降16%左右。产生这种现象的原因是，为降低居住成本以及获得相应的公共服务，带子女随迁的流动人口迁移地点的选择受限，无法在更大范围内搜寻更高收入的工作。异质性分析表明，有学龄段子女随迁的家庭以及夫妻一方单独外出的流动人口（尤其是女性）受子女随迁的负向影响更大。根据研究结论文章认为，为促进劳动力的流动和资源有效配置，相关政策一方面要扩大公共服务供给，降低子女随迁的成本；另一方面要促进区域均衡发展，缩小地区间的收入差距。

关键词：人口流动; 择业; 随迁子女; 教育; 空间均衡   

Summary: With the continuous reform of China’s hukou system, more and more migrants choose to migrate with their children. This paper studies the impact of migrant children on the wage income of their parents and its underlying mechanism. Investigating the relationship between migrant children and the occupation choice of their parents sheds light on how familial factors influence the migration behavior of rural residents. This paper also deepens our understanding of the trade-off between nominal income, and the public services and housing costs associated with migrant children. Bringing children with them means higher living costs and increased demand for public services for migrant parents. In a spatial equilibrium model, migrants face a trade-off between children migrating with them and higher income: Those who migrate with children tend to choose low-income areas for lower living costs and easily accessible public services. Using the dataset of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey between 2011 and 2017 and the instrumental variable (IV) method, this paper finds that migrating with children will decrease the hourly wage of migrant household heads by about 16%. Further results suggest that migrant children affect the wage income of their parents mainly through the choice of migration destination and occupation. Because of higher living costs and insufficient public services in the destination, those who migrate with children tend to narrow their migration scope to cities with lower housing prices and accessible public services. They also tend to choose flexible occupations with lower income. The negative impact of migrant children is larger for migrants with school-age children than those with preschool-age children. Households with school-age children narrow their migration scope to reduce costs and meet the demand for the public service of education at the cost of good job opportunities. Heterogeneity analysis also suggests that migrants (especially women) who migrate without their spouses are more negatively affected by migrant children than those who migrate with their spouses. Our results suggest that children are an important factor affecting the migration choice of migrants, and policies should aim at reducing the costs of child migration. On the one hand, policymakers can provide more public services such as childcare, education, and medical care in urban areas, especially in high-income cities. It is necessary to increase the housing supply to reduce the living costs of migrants by providing public rental housing and low-cost housing. On the other hand, in the long run, industrial policies should promote balanced development and lower income gaps among regions, so that migrants’ income can be less dependent on children.

Key words: migration; occupation choice; migrant children; education; spatial equilibrium  

DOI：10.16538/j.cnki.jfe.20220716.301

收稿日期：2021-07-17

基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目（71773009）

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