劳动力流入对本地居民工资的影响研究——基于劳动力技能分化的视角

《财经研究》 2022年48卷第6期 页码：19 - 33，169  online：2022年6月6日

劳动力流入对本地居民工资的影响研究——基于劳动力技能分化的视角

The Impact of Migration on the Wage of Locals: Based on the Perspective of Labor Skill Divergence

作者（中）：宋旭光, 何佳佳

作者（英）：Song Xuguang, He Jiajia

作者单位：1.北京师范大学 统计学院, 北京100875

摘要：流动人口对推动中国经济增长起到了重要作用。然而，伴随着流动人口规模的增长，城市内部工资收入增长差距却在扩大。文章从劳动力技能分化视角构建了一个理论分析框架，阐释了劳动力流入对本地居民工资的异质性影响及作用机理。文章以中国健康与营养微观调查（CHNS）数据为基础，利用无条件分位数回归法进行实证检验。研究表明：劳动力流入对本地居民产生的福利效应非中性，而是技能偏向性的。具体来说，流动人口与本地居民之间的竞争关系只发生在低技能劳动力之间，低技能劳动力的流入会降低工资分布底端本地居民的工资。而无论是高技能劳动力还是低技能劳动力的流入，都促进了本地高技能居民的工资上升，特别是处于工资最高分位点的本地居民。劳动力流入对本地高技能劳动力的促进作用显著强于本地低技能群体，扩大了工资差距。这种劳动力流入更有利于高技能本地人的影响可以通过技能交叉互补性、劳动力流入外部性和户籍制度来解释。文章的研究结论对进一步完善中国户籍制度和实现共同富裕目标具有重要启示意义。

关键词：劳动力流入; 工资; 工资差距; 技能分化; 无条件分位数回归

Summary: Migration has played an important role in China’s economic growth. However, with the growth of migrants, the wage growth pap within the city is widening. This paper attempts to answer whether there is an inevitable relationship between migration and wage inequality in urban China.This paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework from the perspective of labor skill divergence, and explains the impact and mechanism of migration on the wage of locals. Moreover, based on the data of China Health Nutrition Survey (CHNS), this paper employs the unconditional quantile regression method for empirical testing. The results show that: (1) The migration has no impact on urban employment rate and average wage, but its positive effect on the high-wage group is stronger than that on the low-wage group, which has been widening the wage gap. (2) The large increase of low-skilled migrants is related to the wage loss of labor force at the bottom of wage distribution and the wage increase of the high-wage group. In addition, competition among low-skilled migrants is the most intense. (3) An increase of high-skilled migrants will significantly increase the wage of all locals and the high-wage group benefits more. (4) The cross-complementarity of skills between low-skilled migrants and locals, skill-biased registered residence system, and labor force inflow externalities are the main reasons for the expansion of the wage gap of labor force inflows.The possible marginal contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) This paper provides an innovative perspective for understanding the impact of migration on the wage of locals, that is, heterogeneous labor. (2) Previous literature focuses on the connection between migration and the change of mean income and lacks sufficient attention to the impact of social vulnerable groups in urban areas, while this paper uses the unconditional quantile regression method to accurately infer the impact of migration on the overall distribution of wage. (3) Factors such as capital and technology are brought into the analysis framework of migration externalities to explain the mechanism, which provides empirical evidence that has not been paid attention to in previous literature on migration. (4) The use of large sample micro-survey data provides micro-empirical evidence, and the use of IV and DID methods solves the endogeneity problem well, which improves the robustness.

Key words: migration; wage; wage gap; skill divergence; unconditional quantile regression

DOI：10.16538/j.cnki.jfe.20220216.301

收稿日期：2022-2-23

基金项目：国家社会科学基金重大项目（18VSJ015）；国家社会科学基金重点项目（21AJL010）

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