流动人口与本地人口就业质量差异研究：现状、来源与成因

《财经研究》 2022年48卷第4期 页码：19 - 33  online：2022年3月31日

流动人口与本地人口就业质量差异研究：现状、来源与成因

Research on Employment Quality Differences between Migrant Population and Local Population: Status Quo, Sources and Causes

作者（中）：杨超, 张征宇

作者（英）：Yang Chao, Zhang Zhengyu

作者单位：1.上海财经大学 经济学院, 上海200433

摘要：当前流动人口特别是农业转移人口的市民化已成为城镇化的重要任务，而在城镇化进程中，公平对待流动人口，缩小流动人口和本地人口就业质量的差距是流动人口市民化的关键问题。文章基于2014年、2016年和2018年的中国家庭追踪调查数据，从就业收益、环境、保障和感受四个维度构建了劳动者层面的就业质量指标体系。对城城流动人口与本地劳动者、乡城流动人口与本地劳动者的就业质量进行对比分析和差异分解。研究发现：（1）流动人口的劳动者就业质量显著低于本地人口，乡城流动人口与本地劳动者的就业质量差距较大且逐年增大。城城流动人口与本地劳动者的就业质量差距较小。（2）就业质量的组间差距主要来源于就业环境、保障和感受，就业收益的差异并不显著。（3）本地人口与流动人口的就业质量差异主要是由中等就业质量人群的差异引起的。（4）人力资本是导致劳动者就业质量组间差异的最主要原因，但也有着明显的地区户籍分隔和城乡户籍分隔因素。文章的研究为流动人口政策制度提供了实证经验，也可为流动人口政策的评估提供参考。

关键词：就业质量; 流动人口; 差异分解

Summary: China is currently in the period of accelerated urbanization development, and the peasant citizenization of the current migrant population has become an important task in urbanization. To treat the migrant population fairly and to narrow the gap between the employment quality of the migrant labor and the local labor are the key to citizenization and social integration in the process of urbanization.Based on the CFPS data in 2014, 2016 and 2018, this paper constructs an employment quality index system from four dimensions of employment income, employment environment, employment security and employment feeling, and uses the principal component analysis to measure the employment quality of workers. Oaxaca-Binder decomposition, Brown decomposition and Recentered influence function regression decomposition are used to compare and decompose the employment quality of urban migrant population and local workers, and of rural migrant population and local workers, respectively. The results show that: Firstly, the employment quality of migrant workers is significantly lower than that of local workers. The employment quality gap between rural migrant workers and local workers is large and increases year by year. The difference is mainly reflected in employment environment, employment security and employment feeling. There is a small gap between urban migrant workers and local workers in employment quality, which is mainly reflected in employment environment and employment security. Secondly, the gap in the median distribution of employment quality between urban migrant workers and local workers is the largest. The difference between rural migrant workers and local workers is the largest in the 50% and 75% quantiles of the distribution. Thirdly, the human capital factor is the main reason for the difference in employment quality. However, there is also obvious discrimination of non-local household registration and rural household registration. This is the most obvious in the division of ownership. The difference of human capital and the unequal distribution among different ownership groups are the two main reasons for the gap of employment quality.Therefore, merely transferring the census register of migrant population to the destination cannot improve employment quality, and it is difficult to let the migrant population settle down. It is suggested to improve the human capital of migrant population and eliminate the entry barriers of enterprises of different ownership to help to promote the urbanization process.

Key words: employment quality; migrant population; decomposition method

DOI：10.16538/j.cnki.jfe.20211218.401

收稿日期：2021-5-14

基金项目：上海财经大学研究生创新基金资助项目（CXJJ-2020-353）；国家自然科学基金面上项目（71873080）；国家社科基金重大项目（21&ZD082）

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